Main articles: Khmelnytsky Uprising, Second Northern War, and Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) Swedish and Russian invaders completely destroyed 188 cities and towns, 81 castles, and 136 churches in Poland.
According to the 2012 Polish estimates, financial losses of Poland are estimated at 4 billion złotys. Warsaw, the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was completely destroyed by the Swedes, and out of a pre-war population of 20,000, only 2,000 remained in the city after the war. Rottermund claims that Swedish invaders robbed the Commonwealth of its most important riches, and most of the stolen items never returned to Poland. According to Professor Andrzej Rottermund, manager of the Royal Castle in Warsaw, the destruction of Poland in the deluge was more extensive than the destruction of the country in World War II. The term "deluge" ( potop in Polish) was popularized by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his novel The Deluge (1886).ĭuring the wars the Commonwealth lost approximately one third of its population as well as its status as a great power due to invasions by Sweden and Russia. In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Second Northern War (1655–1660) only in Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge ( Polish: potop szwedzki, Swedish: Svenska syndafloden), or less commonly the Russo–Swedish Deluge ( Polish: Potop szwedzko-rosyjski) due to the simultaneous Russo-Polish War. In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, thus comprising the Polish theatres of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars. The term Deluge ( Polish: potop szwedzki, Lithuanian: švedų tvanas) denotes a series of mid-17 th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Swedish-ruled Livonia is formally ceded to Sweden
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